Proto-Turkic: *gEgrek

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: lower soft ribs

Russian meaning: нижние мягкие ребра

Turkish: geɣrek

Turkmen: gejrek

Comments: ЭСТЯ 3, 14, Дыбо 307, Лексика 276.

Proto-Turkic: *gejik

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: 1 wild animal 2 bird 3 roe

Russian meaning: 1 дикое животное 2 птица 3 лань

Old Turkic: kejik 1 (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: kejik 1

Turkish: gejik 3

Tatar: qɨjɨq 1

Middle Turkic: kejik 1 (Бор. Бад.), kijik (MA, Abush.)

Uighur: kijik 1

Turkmen: kejik 1

Khakassian: kīk 1

Chuvash: kajъk 1, 2

Kirghiz: kijik 1

Bashkir: qɨjɨq 1

Salar: kijyx 'wild goat' (ССЯ)

Comments: VEWT 247, EDT 755, ЭСТЯ 5, 21-23, Лексика 151-152.

Proto-Turkic: *gekir-dek

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: throat, trachea, cartilage

Russian meaning: глотка, трахея, хрящ

Turkish: gegirtlek (dial.)

Tatar: kikertäk (КСТТ)

Middle Turkic: kekirtek (MA)

Uzbek: kekirdak

Uighur: keki(r)däk

Turkmen: kekirdek

Chuvash: kagъr

Kirghiz: kekirtek

Noghai: kekirdevik

Bashkir: kigerläk (dial.)

Karakalpak: kegirdek

Comments: VEWT 248, ЭСТЯ 5, 26, Лексика 232. In many languages the word was influenced by the verb *gēkir- 'to belch'.

Proto-Turkic: *gẹl-

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: to come

Russian meaning: приходить

Old Turkic: kel- (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: kel- (MK, KB)

Turkish: gel-

Tatar: kil-

Middle Turkic: kẹl- (Abush., Pav. C.)

Uzbek: kel-

Uighur: käl-/kil-

Sary-Yughur: kel-

Azerbaidzhan: gäl-

Turkmen: gel-

Khakassian: kil-

Shor: kel- (R)

Oyrat: kel-

Halaj: käl-

Chuvash: kil-

Yakut: kel-

Dolgan: kel-

Tuva: kel-

Tofalar: kel-

Kirghiz: kel-

Kazakh: kel-

Noghai: kel-

Bashkir: kil-

Balkar: kel-

Gagauz: gel-

Karaim: kel-

Karakalpak: kel-

Salar: gel-, gej-

Kumyk: gel-

Comments: VEWT 248; EDT 715, ЭСТЯ 3, 14-16, 31-32, Stachowski 143. The Chuv. and Yak. vowels correspond irregularly.

Proto-Turkic: *gele-

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: 1 to woo 2 to ask 3 messenger, in-between 4 parents having espoused their children 5 a promised bride

Russian meaning: 1 ухаживать, свататься 2 просить, выпрашивать 3 посланник, сват 4 родители, взаимно поженившие детей 5 просватанная девушка

Turkish: (dial.) gelešik 4

Tatar: kileš- 1, käläš 5; (Mishar) kelä- 2, (КСТТ) klän- 'to annoy, pester'

Middle Turkic: (Xwar.) keleči 3 (Qutb)

Turkmen: gelešik 4, geleŋ 'attention, care'

Khakassian: kǝle- 2, kǝlen- 'to beg'

Chuvash: kalaś- 1; kǝle- 2

Bashkir: käläš 5

Balkar: keleči 3

Karaim: keliš- 1, kl'a-, kl'an- 'to wish, be favourably inclined'

Kumyk: geleš- 1, geleči 3

Comments: VEWT 248, ЭСТЯ 5, 32-33, Ахметьянов 112-114, Егоров 105, Федотов 1, 270-271. Some languages may reflect a merger with *kele- 'speak' (v. sub *k`i̯ăli). Turk. > Russ. клянчить.

Proto-Turkic: *gẹlin

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: bride, daughter-in-law

Russian meaning: невеста, невестка

Old Turkic: keliŋ-ün (Orkh., Coll.), kelin (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: kelin (MK, KB)

Turkish: gelin

Tatar: kilen

Middle Turkic: kelin (Sangl., Pav. C., Бор. Бад.)

Uzbek: kelin

Uighur: kelin

Sary-Yughur: kelin (Malov)

Azerbaidzhan: gälin

Turkmen: gelin

Khakassian: kilǝn

Shor: kelin

Oyrat: kelin

Halaj: kälin (gälin < Az.)

Chuvash: kin, kilǝn-

Yakut: kijīt (*plur.)

Tuva: kelin

Tofalar: helin, henni-

Kirghiz: kelin

Kazakh: kelin

Noghai: kelin

Bashkir: kilen

Balkar: kelin

Gagauz: gelin

Karaim: kelin

Karakalpak: kelin

Salar: kein, kiin (ССЯ)

Kumyk: gelin

Comments: VEWT 248, EDT 719, ЭСТЯ 3, 16-18, Лексика 302.

Proto-Turkic: *gEmür-

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: to gnaw

Russian meaning: грызть, глодать

Karakhanid: kemür- (MK)

Turkish: gemir-, kemir-

Tatar: kimer-

Middle Turkic: kömür- (Sangl., Abush.)

Uzbek: kemir-

Uighur: kemi(r)-

Azerbaidzhan: gämir-

Turkmen: gemir-

Khakassian: kimǝr-

Oyrat: kemir-

Yakut: kömürüö 'spongy bone'

Tuva: xemir-

Tofalar: xemir-

Kirghiz: kemir-

Kazakh: kemir-

Noghai: kemir-

Bashkir: kimer-

Balkar: kemir-

Gagauz: kemir-

Karaim: kemir-

Karakalpak: kemir-

Kumyk: gemir-

Comments: VEWT 251, EDT 723, ЭСТЯ 3, 18-19, Лексика 262.

Proto-Turkic: *gEmürgen

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: wild onion or garlic

Russian meaning: дикий лук или чеснок

Karakhanid: kövürgen (MK), kömürgen (MK - Oghuz)

Turkish: gümüren

Khakassian: köbǝrgen

Oyrat: köbürgen

Tuva: kögürön (dial.)

Tofalar: kögirhen

Kirghiz: köbürgön

Gagauz: kömüren

Comments: EDT 691, ЭСТЯ 3, 100; VEWT 285; Лексика 124. Sometimes explained as derived from köbür- 'to foam' (see VEWT ibid.); this seems a folk etymology, but may explain the irregular -b- in some of the forms.

Proto-Turkic: *gEnč

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: young, child

Russian meaning: молодой, ребенок

Old Turkic: kenč (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: kenč (MK, KB)

Turkish: genč/ǯ-

Azerbaidzhan: gänǯ

Gagauz: genč/ǯ-

Karaim: genč

Comments: EDT 727, ЭСТЯ 3, 20-21, VEWT 252 (not < Pers., despite Räsänen; see TMN 1, 488).

Proto-Turkic: *gĒne

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: tick, name of different parasites

Russian meaning: клещ, назв. различных паразитов

Turkish: gene, kene

Uzbek: kana

Azerbaidzhan: gänä

Turkmen: gǟnä

Kazakh: kenä

Karakalpak: kene

Comments: VEWT 251, TMN 3, 615-616, ЭСТЯ 5, 63-64, Лексика 183. Voiced *g- and front row vocalism speaks against the theory of Turk. being < Pers. kana (although some forms like Khalaj kana and Turkm. dial. kǟnä may have been influenced by the Persian word - which itself has so far no Iranian etymology and must be regarded as a Turkic loanword).

Proto-Turkic: *gEne

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: again, also, however

Russian meaning: снова, также, однако

Karakhanid: kene (MKypch.)

Turkish: gene

Azerbaidzhan: gänä

Comments: ЭСТЯ 4, 115.

Proto-Turkic: *[g]ẹntü (-nd-)

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: self, himself

Russian meaning: сам

Old Turkic: kentü (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: kendü (MK)

Turkish: kendi, dial. gendü

Azerbaidzhan: gendi

Yakut: kini 'he'

Dolgan: gini 'he', gien 'own'

Comments: EDT 728-729, ЭСТЯ 5, 38-39, Убрятова 1953, Räsänen 1957, 18, Stachowski 86.

Proto-Turkic: *geŋe-

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: 1 to advise 2 advice

Russian meaning: 1 советовать(ся) 2 совет

Old Turkic: keŋeš 2, keŋeš- 1 (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: keŋe- 'to settle one's affairs with someone' (MK, KB), keneš 2, keŋeš- 1 (MK, KB)

Turkish: gengeš- 1 (dial.)

Tatar: kiŋäš 2

Middle Turkic: keŋeš 2, keŋeš- 1 (Abush., Sangl.)

Uighur: käŋäš- 1 (dial.)

Sary-Yughur: keŋes- 1, keŋis 2

Azerbaidzhan: gänäš- 1 (dial.)

Turkmen: geŋeš- 1, geŋeš 2

Oyrat: keŋeš- 1 (Верб.)

Chuvash: kanaš 2, kanaš-la- 1

Kirghiz: keŋeš 2, keŋeš- 1

Kazakh: keŋes 2, keŋes- 1

Noghai: keŋes 2

Bashkir: käŋäš 2

Balkar: kengeš 'counsel'

Karaim: kenes, keneš 2, keneš- 1

Karakalpak: keŋes 2, keŋes- 1

Kumyk: gengeš 'counsel'

Comments: VEWT 253, EDT 727, 734, ЭСТЯ 3, 21-22, TMN 3, 613-614.

Proto-Turkic: *geŋiŕ

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: nasal cavity

Russian meaning: полость носа

Turkish: geniz

Azerbaidzhan: gäniz, gänzik

Turkmen: geŋz-ew 'nasal'

Yakut: keŋerī 'bridge of nose'

Kirghiz: keŋilǯer

Comments: ЭСТЯ 5, 27, Лексика 216.

Proto-Turkic: *gEŕ-

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: to walk, walk through

Russian meaning: ходить, проходить через

Old Turkic: kez- (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: kez- (MK, KB)

Turkish: gez-

Tatar: giz-

Middle Turkic: kéz- (Sangl., MA, Бор. Бад., Pav. C.)

Uzbek: kez-

Uighur: g/käz-

Azerbaidzhan: gäz-

Turkmen: gez-

Halaj: käz-

Tofalar: kes-

Kirghiz: kez-

Noghai: kez-

Bashkir: giđ-

Balkar: [kezik 'очередь']

Gagauz: gez-

Karaim: gez-

Karakalpak: gez-

Salar: gez- (Kakuk)

Kumyk: gez-

Comments: VEWT 260, EDT 757, ЭСТЯ 3, 10-11. Cf. also (with -r-) Yak. kerij- 'walk around'. The derived Turk. *geŕik 'turn, order' ( < *'going through') > MMong. kešik (SH), WMong. kesig 'wake, turn' (see TMN 1, 467-468, Clark 1980, 40). The verb itself was also borrowed, cf. WMong. kesü-, Khalkha, Bur. xese-, Dag. kese- 'to wander, roam'.

Proto-Turkic: *geŕ

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: 1 notch of an arrow 2 aim (of a gun)

Russian meaning: 1 насечка на стреле 2 прицел (ружья)

Karakhanid: kez (MK) 1

Turkish: gez 2

Middle Turkic: kez 'arrow shaft' (Abush., Pav. C.)

Azerbaidzhan: gäz 1

Turkmen: gezlik 'small knife'

Tuva: kes 1

Tofalar: kes 1

Kazakh: kez 1

Bashkir: kiđe (dial.) 1

Gagauz: kēz 2

Comments: EDT 756, 760, VEWT 260, ЭСТЯ 5, 20-21, TMN 4, 2-4.

Proto-Turkic: *ger-

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: to spread out, to hang

Russian meaning: растягивать, вешать

Old Turkic: ker- (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: ker- (MK, KB)

Turkish: ger-

Tatar: dial. kǝr- (КСТТ)

Middle Turkic: ker- (Pav. C.)

Uzbek: ker-

Uighur: ker-

Azerbaidzhan: gär-

Turkmen: ger-

Khakassian: kir-

Oyrat: ker-

Chuvash: kar-

Tuva: xer-

Tofalar: ker-

Kirghiz: ker-

Kazakh: ker-

Noghai: ker-

Bashkir: kir-

Balkar: ker-

Gagauz: ger-

Karaim: ger-

Karakalpak: ker-

Kumyk: ger-

Comments: VEWT 254, EDT 735, ЭСТЯ 3, 23-24.

Proto-Turkic: *gErekü

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: 1 tent, yurt 2 grating of the yurt

Russian meaning: 1 юрта 2 решетка юрты

Old Turkic: kerekü 2 (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: kerekü 1 (MK)

Middle Turkic: gerege 2 (Pav. C.)

Uzbek: keraga 2

Turkmen: gerege 2

Oyrat: kerege 2

Kirghiz: kerege 2

Kazakh: kerege 2

Noghai: kerege 2

Bashkir: kirägä 2

Karakalpak: kerege 2

Comments: VEWT 255, TMN 3, 592, EDT 744, ЭСТЯ 3, 24-25, Лексика 503.

Proto-Turkic: *gẹrge-

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: 1 to need 2 necessity, necessary 3 to stay away, dare not

Russian meaning: 1 нуждаться 2 необходимость, необходимый 3 не осмеливаться

Old Turkic: kerge- 1 (OUygh.), kergek 2 (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: kerge- 1, kerek 2 (MK, KB)

Turkish: gerek 2

Tatar: kiräk 2

Middle Turkic: kẹrek 2 (Sangl.)

Uzbek: kerak 2

Uighur: keräk 2

Sary-Yughur: kerek 2

Azerbaidzhan: gäräk 2

Turkmen: gerek 2

Khakassian: kirek 2

Shor: kerek 2

Oyrat: kerek 2

Halaj: kerek 2

Chuvash: kir-lǝ 2

Yakut: kerej- 3, kerex 2

Dolgan: kerek 2

Tuva: xerek 2

Tofalar: xerek 2

Kirghiz: kerek 2

Kazakh: kerek 2

Noghai: kerek 2

Bashkir: käräk 2

Balkar: kerek 2

Karaim: kerek 2

Karakalpak: kerek 2

Kumyk: gerek 2

Comments: VEWT 256, EDT 742, 743, ЭСТЯ 3, 25-26, Stachowski 145. Turk. > Mong. kereg (see Щербак 1997, 127).

Proto-Turkic: *gErtme

Altaic etymology:

Meaning: pear

Russian meaning: груша

Turkish: germešik 'cornus sanguinea'

Middle Turkic: kertme 'яблоко, груша' (OKypch.: AH, Houts., CCum.), kirni 'quince'

Noghai: kertpe

Balkar: kertme

Karaim: gertme

Kumyk: gertme

Comments: VEWT 257. Perhaps < *gürt-me, cf. the attested OT (MK-Osm., see EDT 738) kürt 'mountain tree for making bows, Pyrus'; (AH) kürt 'quince'.